What is Double-Spending? Double-spending is a problem that arises when transacting digital currency that involves the same tender being spent multiple times. Multiple transactions sharing the same input broadcasted on the network can be problematic and is a flaw unique to digital currencies. The primary reason for double-spending is that digital currency can be very…
What are Dual-Class Stocks? Dual-class stocks refer to a stock offering structure within a company. A dual-class structure means that a company offers two types (or classes) of stocks. The purpose of offering class A and class B stocks, for example, is to differentiate between stocks with different dividend payouts and decidedly different voting rights….
What is Dollarization? Dollarization is the process by which a country decides to use two currencies – the local currency and generally a stronger, more established currency like the US dollar. A dollarization process can either be partially or completely done. Many times, it is performed because residents no longer believe in the domestic currency…
What is Disintermediation? Disintermediation is the removal of different elements within the middle of a supply chain. The intermediaries in product development – or “middlemen” – are removed from the supply chain to cut costs or shorten the time duration within a chain. Disintermediation can influence the overall cost of the product, as well as…
What is the Exogenous Growth Theory? The Exogenous Growth Theory is a theory of neoclassical economics that asserts that outside – exogenous – factors are more critical in determining the success of an economy, industry, or individual business than inside – endogenous – factors. The main implication of the exogenous growth theory is that the…
What is Expropriation? Expropriation refers to a government taking over any property that is privately owned, with or without the permission of the owners, for the benefit of the general public. Properties can be expropriated for the construction of roadways, airports, and other infrastructure projects. The government can also expropriate property in a heavily polluted…
What is Extended Trading? Extended trading (or electronic trading hours) is trading conducted by electronic networks either before or after the trading day of a stock exchange, i.e., pre-market trading or after-hours trading. It tends to be limited in volume than regular trading hours when the exchange is open. Pre-market stock trading in the U.S….
What is a Debt/Equity Swap? A debt/equity swap is a mechanism a company utilizes for financial restructuring. It can also be viewed as a renegotiation of debt. In a debt/equity swap, a lender receives an equity interest such as shares of stock in the company in exchange for the cancellation of a company’s debt to…
What is a Debt/Bond Fund? A debt fund or a bond fund is a pool of investments, usually a mutual fund or an exchange-traded fund, that invests in fixed-income securities. The fixed-income securities include government bonds, corporate bonds, money market instruments, junk bonds, etc. An example of a bond fund is the Vanguard Total Bond…
