What is PP&E (Property, Plant, and Equipment)? Property, Plant, and Equipment (PP&E) is a non-current, tangible capital asset shown on the balance sheet of a business and is used to generate revenues and profits. PP&E plays a key part in the financial planning and analysis of a company’s operations and future expenditures, especially with regards to capital…
What is Cost of Goods Manufactured (COGM)? Cost of Goods Manufactured (COGM) represents the total production costs incurred by a company to produce goods during a specific accounting period. This includes direct materials, direct labor, and manufacturing overhead. COGM is essential in inventory management and is used to calculate the cost of goods sold (COGS)…
What is Days Inventory Outstanding (DIO)? Days inventory outstanding (DIO) is the average number of days that a company holds its inventory before selling it. The days inventory outstanding calculation shows how quickly a company can turn inventory into cash. It is a liquidity metric and also an indicator of a company’s operational and financial…
What is Accrual Accounting? In financial accounting, accruals refer to the recording of revenues a company has earned but has yet to receive payment for, and expenses that have been incurred but the company has yet to pay. This method also aligns with the matching principle, which says revenues should be recognized when earned and…
What is Absorption Costing? Absorption costing is a costing system that is used in valuing inventory. It not only includes the cost of materials and labor, but also both variable and fixed manufacturing overhead costs. Absorption costing is also referred to as full costing. This guide will show you what’s included, how to calculate it,…
What are Notes Receivable? Notes receivable are a balance sheet item that records the value of promissory notes that a business is owed and should receive payment for. A written promissory note gives the holder, or bearer, the right to receive the amount outlined in the legal agreement. Promissory notes are a written promise to…
How are the 3 Financial Statements Linked? The 3 financial statements are all linked and dependent on each other. In financial modeling, your first job is to link all three statements together in Excel, so it’s critical to understand how they’re connected. This is also a common question for investment banking interviews, FP&A interviews, and…
What is Research and Development (R&D)? Research and Development (R&D) is a process by which a company obtains new knowledge and uses it to improve existing products and introduce new ones to its operations. R&D is a systematic investigation with the objective of introducing innovations to the company’s current product offerings. It achieves this by…
What are Variable Costs? Variable costs are expenses that vary in proportion to the volume of goods or services that a business produces. In other words, they are costs that vary depending on the volume of activity. The costs increase as the volume of activities increases and decrease as the volume of activities decreases. Examples…
What are Credit Sales? Credit sales refer to a sale in which the amount owed will be paid at a later date. In other words, credit sales are purchases made by customers who do not render payment in full, in cash, at the time of purchase. To learn more, check out CFI’s Credit Analyst Certification program….
