What is Schedule A? Schedule A is an income tax form that is used in the United States to declare itemized deductions. It is attached to Form 1040 for taxpayers who pay annual income taxes. Taxpayers can choose to claim either a standard tax return deduction or itemize their qualifying deductions line by line. Either…
What is Founders Stock? Founders stock refers to the equity that is given to the early founders of an organization. This type of stock differs in a few important ways from common stock sold in the secondary market. Key differences are (1) that founders stock can only be issued at face value, and (2) it…
How to Calculate FCFE from EBIT? Free Cash Flow to Equity (FCFE) is the amount of cash generated by a company that can be potentially distributed to its shareholders. FCFE is a crucial metric in one of the methods in the Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) valuation model. Using the FCFE, an analyst can determine the…
What is a Syndicated Loan? A syndicated loan is offered by a group of lenders who work together to provide credit to a large borrower. The borrower can be a corporation, an individual project, or a government. Each lender in the syndicate contributes part of the loan amount, and they all share in the lending…
What is Seller’s Discretionary Earnings? Seller’s discretionary earnings is a cash-flow based measure of business earnings in an owner-operated business. It comprises the profit before tax and interest of a business before the owner’s benefits, non-cash expenses, extraordinary one-time investments, and other non-related business incomes and expenses. This metric is used to measure the value…
What is a Cross Guarantee? A cross guarantee refers to an arrangement between two or more related companies to provide a guarantee to each other’s obligations. Such a guarantee is commonly made among companies trading under the same group or between a parent company and its subsidiaries. A cross guarantee protects the company that incurred…
What are Cash Reserves? Cash reserves are funds that companies set aside for use in emergency situations. The cash that is saved is used to cover costs or expenses that are unplanned or unexpected. In most cases, the reserves are specifically for short-term needs. One benefit of maintaining such a reserve is that the company…
What is an Irrevocable Proxy? An irrevocable proxy is an enforceable power granted by the owner to another party to exercise his voting rights independently, without requiring his consent each time. Typically, most proxies are revocable, but some agreements may include specific clauses that require the proxy to be irrevocable for a specified period. The…
What is Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Lending? Peer-to-peer lending is a form of direct lending of money to individuals or businesses without an official financial institution participating as an intermediary in the deal. P2P lending is generally done through online platforms that match lenders with the potential borrowers. P2P lending offers both secured and unsecured loans. However,…
What is the Binomial Interest Rate Tree? The binomial interest rate tree is a graphical representation of possible interest rate values at different periods of time, under the assumption that at each time period, the interest rate may either increase or decrease with a certain probability. Essentially, the binomial interest rate tree is concerned with the…
