What is Bottom-up Budgeting? Bottom-up budgeting is a budgeting method that starts at the department level, moving up to the top level. Each department within the organization is required to compile a list of the things it needs, the projects it plans to carry out in the next financial period, and cost estimates. The estimates…
What is Cash Consideration? Cash consideration is the purchase of the outstanding stock shares of a company using cash as the form of payment. An all-cash offer is one way that an acquirer may use to acquire a stake in another company during a merger or acquisition transaction. Cash consideration is usually preferred by shareholders,…
What is the Celler-Kefauver Act? The United States Congress passed the Celler-Kefauver Act in 1950 with the goal of strengthening the provisions of the Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914. Specifically, the act was enacted to seal a loophole in the Clayton Act regarding certain forms of mergers and acquisitions. While the Clayton Act outlawed horizontal…
What is a Trust Bank? A trust bank is an organization that allows its customers to transact with each other through contracts known as trusts. The bank acts as a trustee in such transactions and transfers assets from one customer/client (known as the settlor) to another (known as the beneficiary) according to the terms of…
What are Asset-Based Loans? Asset-based loans involve something physical (an asset) that is used as collateral for a loan. For most companies, it is inventory or accounts receivable that act as the collateral. However, any asset whose value can be accurately quantified may potentially be used as collateral. Lenders who offer asset-based loans meet with…
What is Negotiated Budgeting? Negotiated budgeting is a budgeting process that combines both top-down budgeting and bottom-up budgeting. The negotiated budgeting process does not impose the budget preparation process on a single level but rather allows shared responsibility between superiors and subordinates. Unlike top-down budgeting, negotiated budgeting increases the involvement of lower-level managers, which makes…
What is Imposed Budgeting? Imposed budgeting, also known as top-down budgeting, is the process wherein the top management of a company prepares a budget and then imposes it on lower-level managers for implementation. It starts at the top, where the budget is prepared by senior management according to the goals that the company wants to…
What is the Use of Proceeds Statement? The use of proceeds statement is a short document that summarizes how a company that aims to secure additional capital is going to spend the funds. In other words, the document provides the reader with a snapshot of what aspects of the business the company will spend money…
What is an Economic Moat? The term “economic moat” refers to a long-term competitive advantage that a company holds that protects its position in the marketplace. The term is inspired by the moat that surrounded medieval castles to protect the valuables within from invaders. A company with a strong moat possesses a competitive advantage that…
What are Debt Issuance Fees? Debt issuance fees refer to expenses that the government or public companies incur in selling bonds. The expenses include registration fees, legal fees, printing costs, underwriting costs, etc. The costs are paid to law firms, auditors, financial markets regulators, and investment banks that are involved in the underwriting process. They…
