Price Multiples: Types, Formulas, and Examples
What Are Price Multiples? Price multiples are financial ratios that compare a company’s stock price to a measure of its financial performance, such as price-to-earnings (P/E) or price-to-cash flow (P/CF). Price multiples provide investors and analysts with a simple, market-based benchmark of valuation. Price multiples are commonly used in relative valuation, where a company’s financial...
Real Assets vs. Financial Assets: Complete Guide
Real Assets vs. Financial Assets: What’s the Difference? Real assets are physical, tangible investments like real estate and commodities, while financial assets are intangible contracts like stocks and bonds. Real assets derive value from their physical properties, while financial assets get value from contractual claims or ownership rights. Real assets versus financial assets represent the...
Global Alternative Reference Rates
What is an Alternative Reference Rate? An alternative reference rate (ARR) is a standard reference rate used to price financial instruments, such as bonds, derivatives, and other securitized financial instruments. Alternative reference rates provide more transparent and reliable benchmarks and replacements for historical benchmarks like LIBOR. This guide covers five of the most widely used...
Tokyo Overnight Average Rate (TONAR)
What is the Tokyo Overnight Average Rate (TONAR)? The Tokyo Overnight Average Rate (TONAR) is Japan’s key risk-free reference rate (RFR). It measures the interest rate at which banks lend and borrow Japanese yen from one another on an overnight basis without requiring collateral. TONAR reflects real borrowing costs in Japan’s short-term money markets. It...
Euro Short-Term Rate (€STR): The EU’s Benchmark Interest Rate
What is €STR? The Euro Short-Term Rate (€STR or ESTER) is the European Union’s official overnight benchmark interest rate. It reflects the average rate at which banks and financial institutions borrow euros overnight on an unsecured basis, meaning no collateral is used. Published by the European Central Bank (ECB), €STR provides a consistent reference point...
