Financial Distress

What is Financial Distress?

Financial distress is a term commonly used in corporate finance that describes any situation where an individual’s or company’s financial condition leaves them struggling to pay their bills, especially loan payments due to creditors. Severe, prolonged financial distress may eventually lead to bankruptcy.

When a condition of financial distress occurs, it must be addressed immediately in order for the condition not to worsen. Financial troubles often lead to more financial troubles if they cannot be promptly remedied.

For example, an individual or company in financial distress may see their credit rating drop. It would cause lenders to charge them higher interest rates, making it difficult for them to borrow additional money to help them manage a period of reduced income or revenue.

Financial Distress in Companies

It is easy for a company to encounter a period of financial distress, even a well-managed company. It is because financial distress can occur for several reasons, some of which are completely beyond a company’s control. For example, a sudden, unexpected downturn in the overall economy may result in a substantial drop in a company’s revenues.

As a result of the quarantine and lockdown conditions imposed in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, many brick and mortar stores that previously enjoyed a high, steady income for years suddenly saw their revenues plummet to zero.

A company might have taken out a large loan with an adjustable interest rate. In that situation, a sharp increase in interest rates can significantly raise the company’s cost to repay its loan, thereby causing financial problems for the organization.

Of course, many times, a company suffers financial distress as a result of failures by management. Top executives may overextend the company financially by borrowing money to fund growth. If the borrowed money does not lead to increased revenues or profits quickly enough, then the company may begin to struggle to meet its debt payments.

Bad decisions related to marketing or pricing can also lead to financial distress for a company. An expensive advertising campaign that doesn’t work or ineffective changes to a product or pricing structure that leads to a loss in sales are other potential causes of financial distress. Such missteps can be made by even the most successful companies.

Consider as an example Coca-Cola Company’s introduction in 1995 of a new beverage product, “New Coke,” which was a disaster for the blue-chip company. Consumers utterly rejected the new product, and it led to a severe drop in revenue, as some bottlers even refused to carry New Coke. However, it’s interesting to note that when Coca-Cola abandoned New Coke and reintroduced “Coca-Cola Classic,” its sales soared to new heights.

Poor budgeting, inability to collect accounts receivables in a timely manner (which can cause severe cash flow problems), and poor accounting practices are other potential causes of financial distress.

The most common remedies that companies apply to ease financial distress include cutting costs, improving cash flow or revenues, and debt restructuring aimed at reducing the size of debt payments.

Individual Financial Distress

Because many people struggle financially paycheck-to-paycheck, with little or no savings, it is very easy for an individual to experience financial distress. As is the case with companies, an individual’s financial distress may be a result of their own poor management of their finances or may come about through no fault of their own. Below are some of the most common causes of financial distress for individuals:

1. Lost or reduced income

Anyone can suffer a sudden drop in income at any time. You may be unexpectedly fired or laid off from a job, or the company that you work for may go out of business, leaving you suddenly unemployed.

A severe economic crisis or other circumstance may compel you to take a substantial pay cut to remain employed. Whatever the cause, if you don’t have savings to dip into, you may quickly find yourself struggling just to pay your most basic expenses, such as housing, utilities, and food.

2. Unexpected expenses

Large unexpected expenses, such as high medical bills or an expensive car repair, are another common cause of financial difficulties.

3. Divorce

Divorce is one of the most frequent and severe causes of financial distress. In fact, divorce is such a financial strain often on both parties that, according to studies, the rate of bankruptcy filings for single mothers in the United States is 300% higher than the national average.

4. Failure to adequately manage your finances

Even people with high incomes can end up in financial distress if they fail to manage their money well. Expenses can creep upward, such as credit card bills, and suddenly a person finds themselves struggling financially. It’s important to always budget your money carefully.

If you should experience a time of financial distress, your best options are the same as those used by large corporations – look for ways to reduce your expenses and/or increase your income and consider negotiating with your creditors for at least a temporary period of reduced debt payment requirements.

More Resources

Thank you for reading CFI’s guide to Financial Distress. To keep advancing your career, the additional resources below will be useful:

• Deferred Interest
• Economic Collapse
• Financial Crisis
• Personal Finance
• See all commercial lending resources