Net Unrealized Appreciation (NUA)

Occurs when employees own stock in the company and there is a difference between the average cost basis and the current market value of the shares owned

Written by CFI Team

What is Net Unrealized Appreciation (NUA)?

Net unrealized appreciation (NUA) occurs when employees own stock in the company where they are employed, and there is a difference between the average cost basis and the current market value of the shares owned.

Several companies give employees stock ownership in the company as a form of compensation or incentive.

Net Unrealized Appreciation

Summary

Net unrealized appreciation (NUA) occurs when there is a difference between the average cost basis and the current market value of the shares owned by the employee.
NUA can lead to significant tax savings for the person holding the stock.
Under the Internal Revenue Code (IRC), a stock needs to meet three criteria in order for the favorable NUA tax treatment to hold – stock should be distributed in-kind, lump-sum distribution should be made by the employer retirement plan, and lump-sum distribution should be made after a triggering event.

Taxation for NUA Stock

When employees retire or exit a company, they can deal with the company stock they’ve accumulated over time from the employer in two ways:

The first way is to roll the assets over to an IRA (individual retirement account), which is a tax-advantaged tool for those who want to set aside funds for retirement.

The second way is called the net unrealized appreciation method, which allows employees to distribute the stock in a taxable account under distinct tax policies, leading to significant tax savings relative to the first approach.

The employees pay income tax on the cost basis of the stock they own and pay a lower capital gains tax on the remaining distribution (only when the stock is sold, and gains are realized).

If the shares are held after the distribution, subsequent gains will be taxed at the short or long-term capital gains tax rate, based on the period from the distribution date to the date of sale.

In such a scenario, if a loss occurs, the amount of net unrealized appreciation gain will be reduced by the corresponding amount.

The age of the investor is an important aspect to consider regarding the effectiveness of the tax treatment of NUA. The older a person is, the shorter their retirement time horizon, and therefore, the NUA is more beneficial.

For a younger person, there is a lot of time for the assets to roll over to an IRA and grow on a deferred tax basis. This may result in the lower capital gains tax rate benefit being offset by the growth in your account.

The figure below illustrates the taxation treatment for different components of an NUA stock. There is a possibility that NUA gains may be deferred for a significant period of time, as there is no requirement that the NUA stock is to be sold immediately.

Requirements for NUA Tax Treatment

According to the Internal Revenue Code (IRC), a stock needs to meet three criteria in order for the above mentioned NUA tax treatment to hold:

1. Stock should be distributed in-kind

For the above condition to hold, the stock owned by the employee must be transferred directly to a taxable investment account. They are not allowed to sell shares and transfer the cash or use stock options or repurchases, and the NUA tax treatment will not hold for the options.

2. Lump-sum distribution should be made by the employer retirement plan

Under such a condition, the complete account balance of the retirement plan must be distributed over a single tax year. No amount can stay in the plan after the distribution.

3. Lump-sum distribution should be made after a triggering event

For the above two conditions to hold, the distribution must be made after a triggering event.

A triggering event can be characterized by death, disability, ending of service, or reaching retirement age. Therefore, a stock will not qualify for NUA treatment if a person is working, and a triggering event has not occurred.

Tax Savings Example Using NUA

A person owns $500,000 worth of company stock. We assume that they fall in the 20% marginal tax rate bracket. They assign a cost basis of $50,000 to the stock.

Suppose the person uses the NUA strategy and distributes their cost basis out to their non-retirement account. They will need to pay a 20% tax on the cost basis of $50,000 ($10,000). When the person sells the stock, they pay capital gains tax amounting to $25,000. Therefore, their total taxes are equal to $35,000.

Let’s consider the same example without using the NUA strategy. When the person withdraws the amount invested in the stock, they pay the income tax on the entire value of the stock and not only the cost basis.

Therefore, they will pay a 20% tax on $500,000 ($100,000). It is their total taxes for the year. We can see that using the NUA strategy, the person was able to save $65,000 in taxes on an annual basis.