Protectionism

What is Protectionism?

Protectionism is the practice of following protectionist trade policies. A protectionist trade policy allows the government of a country to promote domestic producers, and thereby boost the domestic production of goods and services by imposing tariffs or otherwise limiting foreign goods and services in the marketplace.

Protectionist policies also allow the government to protect developing domestic industries from established foreign competitors.

Types of Protectionism

Protectionist policies come in different forms, including:

1. Tariffs

The taxes or duties imposed on imports are known as tariffs. Tariffs increase the price of imported goods in the domestic market, which, consequently, reduces the demand for them.

Consider the following example, which analyzes the UK market for US-made shoes. Due to the imposition of tariffs, the price for the product increases from GBP100 (P1) to GBP120 (P2). The demand for US-made shoes in the UK market decreases (from Q2 to Q4).

2. Quotas

Quotas are restrictions on the volume of imports for a particular good or service over a period of time. Quotas are known as a “non-tariff trade barrier.” A constraint on the supply causes an increase in the prices of imported goods, reducing the demand in the domestic market.

3. Subsidies

Subsidies are negative taxes or tax credits that are given to domestic producers by the government. They create a discrepancy between the price faced by consumers and the price faced by producers.

4. Standardization

The government of a country may require all foreign products to adhere to certain guidelines. For instance, the UK Government may demand that all imported shoes include a certain proportion of leather. Standardization measures tend to reduce foreign products in the market.

Reasons for Protectionism

An economy usually adopts protectionist policies to encourage domestic investment in a specific industry. For instance, tariffs on the foreign import of shoes would encourage domestic producers to invest more resources in shoe production.

In addition, nascent domestic shoe producers would not be at risk from established foreign shoe producers. Although domestic producers are better off, domestic consumers are worse off as a result of protectionist policies, as they may have to pay higher prices for somewhat inferior goods or services. Protectionist policies, therefore, tend to be very popular with businesses and very unpopular with consumers.

Advantages of Protectionism

• More growth opportunities: Protectionism provides local industries with growth opportunities until they can compete against more experienced firms in the international market
• Lower imports: Protectionist policies help reduce import levels and allow the country to increase its trade balance.
• More jobs: Higher employment rates result when domestic firms boost their workforce
• Higher GDP: Protectionist policies tend to boost the economy’s GDP due to a rise in domestic production

Disadvantages of Protectionism

• Stagnation of technological advancements: As domestic producers don’t need to worry about foreign competition, they have no incentive to innovate or spend resources on research and development (R&D) of new products.
• Limited choices for consumers: Consumers have access to fewer goods in the market as a result of limitations on foreign goods.
• Increase in prices (due to lack of competition): Consumers will need to pay more without seeing any significant improvement in the product.
• Economic isolation: It often leads to political and cultural isolation, which, in turn, leads to even more economic isolation.

Related Readings

Thank you for reading CFI’s guide to Protectionism. To keep advancing your career, the additional CFI resources below will be useful:

• Anti-Dumping Duty
• Fiscal Policy
• Infant Industry Argument
• Trade Barriers