What is Hawala? Hawala, originating from an Arabic term for transfer or trust, is an informal method of transferring money without any money physically moving from one place to another. It is based on a system of money lenders known as hawaladars, which is generally used in the Middle East, Africa, and on the Indian subcontinent…
What is a Hard Fork? In blockchain technology that underpins cryptocurrencies, a hard fork or (hardfork) refers to a radical change to the protocols of a blockchain network. In simple terms, a hard fork splits a single cryptocurrency into two and can results in the validation of blocks and transactions that were previously invalid, or…
What is a High Beta Index? A high beta index refers to a market index made up of stocks with higher-than-average volatility compared to the overall stock market. Examples include the S&P 500 High Beta Index, the TSX Composite High Beta Index, the Hang Seng High Beta Index, and the S&P Emerging Markets High Beta…
What is Share of Wallet (SOW)? Share of Wallet (SOW) is a sales metric used by companies that retail goods or services indicating how much (on average) a consumer spends on a company’s product or service as compared to how much they spend on competing products or services. In other words, it indicates what percentage…
What is a Drawdown? A drawdown is an investment term that refers to the decline in value of a single investment or an investment portfolio from a relative peak value to a relative trough. It is an important risk factor for investors to consider, becoming more important in asset management in recent years. A drawdown…
What is Distribution Management? Distribution management is part of the supply chain process that ultimately delivers goods to end-users or consumers. Managing distribution is essentially managing the movement of goods, whether it be from a wholesaler to a retailer or from a retailer to a consumer. Distribution management focuses on the timely delivery of goods…
What is the Endowment Effect? The endowment effect is a principle in behavioral psychology that describes the tendency of people to value an object that they own higher than they would value if they didn’t own it. Their valuation of an owned object will often be higher than its true fair market value. The endowment…
What is the Equity-Efficiency Tradeoff? The equity-efficiency tradeoff occurs when maximizing the productive efficiency of the market leads to less equitable wealth distribution. In welfare economics, there is said to be a tradeoff between market efficiency and market equity. An efficient market implying Pareto efficiency refers to the outcome of a set of exchanges between decision-making…
What is Social Justice? Social justice refers to a political and philosophical theory that focuses on the concept of fairness in relations between individuals in society and equal access to wealth, opportunities, and social privileges. History and Evolution of Social Justice The concept of social justice first arose in the 19th century during the Industrial…
What is Expiration Time (in Options)? Expiration time in options trading occurs on the third Saturday of the expiration month at 11:59 a.m. EST. The expiration time is not to be confused with the last day to trade options, which is the third Friday of the expiration month. The expiration time is the moment when…
