Audit Materiality

What is Audit Materiality?

Audit materiality is one of the most important concepts for auditors. Misstatements, including omissions, are considered to be material if, individually or in the aggregate, they are reasonably expected to influence the economic decisions of users based on the financial statements. Materiality in audit comprises both quantitative and qualitative aspects.

Quantitative Considerations

When dealing with materiality in quantitative aspects, we must consider the five steps:

1. Set a preliminary judgment of materiality
   1. It is usually done at the planning stage of an audit
   2. The general rule of thumb is either 1) 5-10% of normalized net income (normalized excludes one-time gains/losses and discontinued operations) or 2) 0.5-2% of total assets
2. Consider performance materiality
   1. Materiality more on a line item basis, i.e. accounts receivable, inventory
3. Estimate misstatement in a cycle or account
4. Estimated the total aggregate misstatements
5. Compare 4 with 1 and determine if overall the financial statements are materially misstated

Qualitative Considerations

Audit materiality, as mentioned before, is not just quantitative in nature. There are numerous qualitative factors to consider as well. For example, if a company does provide adequate disclosures regarding contingent liabilities or related party transactions, it may be considered to be material. In addition, an inaccurate description of an accounting policy may also be material if a company chooses to use 50 years to amortize an asset when in the note disclosures it is stated to be 5.

Small errors in financial statements can also lead to severe covenant violations. For example, if the company enters into a covenant with their local bank to maintain a current ratio of 1.0, a minute $2,000 misstatement can change a violation of the covenant to a maintenance of the covenant. Thus, an auditor needs to consider both aspects of materiality in an engagement.

Types of Misstatements

When dealing with material misstatements, there are several types of misstatements that auditors must consider. If auditors choose to stratify (i.e. pick out high-value or key items in a balance), these misstatements are known as IMOs. Furthermore, when auditors choose to pick a sample from the rest of the population, misstatements in this group are known as IMRs, which then must be extrapolated. Take a look at the table below.

Example

Let’s say that in this example, inventory is audited using sampling. The identified misstatement in the sample is $1,200 (an overstatement) and the likely misstatement in the entire population is $20,000. Accounts receivable is audited with no sampling and $25,000 of understatements were identified. The materiality level is set at $30,000 after tax. FPM is $2,000.

In these situations, the easiest way to approach it is to assemble an adjustments schedule. An adjustment refers to what change should be made to account for the misstatements. Take a look at the following schedule and note that credit balances are put in parenthesis.

Comparing the $30,000 materiality threshold to the $27,000, we can conclude that the financial statements are not materially misstated. However, we must note that sampling was used when auditing inventory and so there is the potential for further possible misstatements. After adding the FPM value of $2,000, we can determine that $29,000 is still below the threshold and can reach the same conclusion.

Related Readings

• Auditor’s Report
• Forensic Audit Guide
• Audited Financial Statements
• Audit Legal Implications