NPV Function

Get the Net Present Value (NPV) for periodic cash flows

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What is the NPV Function?

The NPV Function[1] is an Excel Financial function that will calculate the Net Present Value (NPV) for a series of cash flows and a given discount rate. It is important to understand the Time Value of Money, which is a foundational building block of various Financial Valuation methods.

In financial modeling, the NPV function is useful in determining the value of an investment or understanding the feasibility of a project. It should be noted that it’s usually more appropriate for analysts to use the XNPV function instead of the regular NPV function.

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Formula

=NPV(rate,value1,[value2],…)

The NPV function uses the following arguments:

  1. Rate (required argument) – This is the rate of discount over the length of the period.
  2. Value1, Value2 – Value1 is a required option. They are numeric values that represent a series of payments and income where:
    • Negative payments represent outgoing payments.
    • Positive payments represent incoming payments.

The NPV function uses the following equation to calculate the Net Present Value of an Investment:

 NPV Function

How to Use the NPV Function in Excel?

To understand the uses of the function, let’s consider a few examples:

Example – Using the Function

Suppose we are given the following data on cash inflows and outflows:

The required rate of return is 10%. To calculate the NPV, we will use the formula below:

We get the result below:

The NPV formula is based on future cash flows. If the first cash flow occurs at the start of the first period, the first value must be added to the NPV result, not included in the values arguments.

Video Tutorial – NPV Function in Excel

To learn more about using the NPV Function in Excel, check out the video below:

Things to Remember

  1. Arguments must be numerical, or function with a numerical output. Other forms of input will result in an error.
  2. Arrays that are used as input will only have its numerical values evaluated. All other values in the array will be ignored.
  3. The input order matters for the series of cash flows.
  4. The NPV function assumes that payments are spaced on equal periodic payments.
  5. The NPV function and IRR function (Internal Rate of Return) are closely related. IRR is the rate for which the NPV equals zero.

Additional Resources

Thanks for reading CFI’s guide to important Excel functions! By taking the time to learn and master these functions, you’ll significantly speed up your financial analysis. To learn more, check out these additional CFI resources:

Article Sources

  1. NPV Function

Additional Resources

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The Financial Modeling Certification

Analyst Certification FMVA® Program

CFI is a global provider of financial modeling courses and of the FMVA Certification. CFI’s mission is to help all professionals improve their technical skills. If you are a student or looking for a career change, the CFI website has many free resources to help you jumpstart your Career in Finance. If you are seeking to improve your technical skills, check out some of our most popular courses. Below are some additional resources for you to further explore:

The Financial Modeling Certification

Below is a break down of subject weightings in the FMVA® financial analyst program. As you can see there is a heavy focus on financial modeling, finance, Excel, business valuation, budgeting/forecasting, PowerPoint presentations, accounting and business strategy.

 

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Additional Questions & Answers

CFI is the global institution behind the financial modeling and valuation analyst FMVA® Designation. CFI is on a mission to enable anyone to be a great financial analyst and have a great career path. In order to help you advance your career, CFI has compiled many resources to assist you along the path.

In order to become a great financial analyst, here are some more questions and answers for you to discover:

 

Excel Tutorial

CFI is a global provider of financial modeling courses and of the FMVA Certification. CFI’s mission is to help all professionals improve their technical skills. If you are a student or looking for a career change, the CFI website has many free resources to help you jumpstart your Career in Finance. If you are seeking to improve your technical skills, check out some of our most popular courses. Below are some additional resources for you to further explore:

The Financial Modeling Certification

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