Leveraged Recapitalization
Borrowing money to pay a special dividend
What is a Leveraged Recapitalization?
A leveraged recapitalization involves changing the capital structure of a company by raising debt and reducing equity. This means a corporation will borrow money (i.e. issue bonds) to generate cash proceeds, which will then be used to repurchase previously issued shares and reduce the proportion of equity in the company’s capital structure. Hence the term, leveraged recapitalization.
The term capitalization is a reference to how a company is capitalized, meaning, how much debt and equity it has. Both debt and equity generate a balance on the right side of the balance sheet, which is then used to fund the assets on the left side of the balance sheet.
A leveraged recapitalization is a useful financial strategy, often used in conjunction with MBOs or other forms of restructuring. Higher leverage is beneficial to the company in times of good growth, so often times the objective of a leveraged recap is to bolster future growths prospects.
Motivations for a Leveraged Recapitalization
Leveraged recapitalizations often seem counterintuitive to those studying corporate finance. Why make the company more indebted than it already is? Why use debt to repay equity?
There are several mathematical proofs for the benefit of leveraged recapitalizations. One of these, for example, is the Modigliani-Miller theorem, which forms the basis of modern thought on capital structure. This theorem shows that debt provides a tax benefit or interest tax shield that equity does not.
Furthermore, using debt to purchase stock or pay off older debt reduces the opportunity cost of having to use earned profits to do the same.
Additionally, the economic environment may be such that interest rates are low. Companies may want to take advantage of this interest rate environment to perform a leveraged recapitalization.
Finally, debt prevents dilution of shareholder equity, which issuance of new shares will cause. This creates a positive effect from the point of view of shareholders.
Disadvantages of a Leveraged Recapitalization
Despite all the advantages list above, some argue, that leveraged recapitalizations limit the growth potential of a company, because it does not take a longer-term view.
A leveraged recapitalization often takes into account the current debt environment, which may not stay fixed forever. In other words, if interest rates change, a leveraged recapitalization may provide a negative effect on the company in the form of increased interest expense.
Most importantly, changing the capital structure towards a heavier debt weighting increase the risk of the business, and if things don’t go according to plan, could end up destroying a lot of shareholder value.