Price Earnings Ratio
The P/E ratio is equal to the current stock price divided by EPS
What is the Price Earnings Ratio?
The Price Earnings Ratio (P/E Ratio) is the relationship between a company’s stock price and earnings per share (EPS). It is a popular ratio that gives investors a better sense of the value of the company. The P/E shows the expectations of the market and is the price you must pay per unit of current earnings (or future earnings, as the case may be).
Earnings are important when valuing a company’s stock because investors want to know how profitable a company is and how profitable it will be in the future. Furthermore, if the company doesn’t grow and the current level of earnings remains constant, the P/E can be interpreted as the number of years it will take for the company to pay back the amount paid for the share.
P/E Ratio in Use
Looking at the P/E of a stock tells you very little about it, if it’s not compared to the company’s historical P/E or the competitor’s P/E from the same industry. It’s not easy to conclude whether a stock with a P/E of 10x is a bargain, or a P/E of 50x is expensive without performing any comparisons.
The beauty of the P/E ratio is that it standardizes stocks of different prices and earnings levels.
The P/E is also called an earnings multiple. There are two types of P/E: trailing and forward. The former is based on previous periods of earnings per share, while a forward or leading P/E is when EPS calculations are based on future, predicted numbers (often provided by equity research analysts).
Price Earnings Ratio Formula
P/E = Stock Price Per Share / Earnings Per Share
or
P/E = Market Capitalization / Total Net Earnings
or
Justified P/E = Dividend Payout Ratio / R – G
where;
R = Required Rate of Return
G = Sustainable Growth Rate
P/E Ratio Formula Explanation
The basic P/E formula takes current stock price and EPS to find the current P/E. EPS is found by taking earnings from the last twelve months divided by the weighted average shares outstanding. Earnings can be normalized for unusual or one-off items that can impact earnings abnormally.
The justified P/E ratio is used to find the P/E ratio that an investor should be paying for, based on the companies dividend and retention policy, growth rate and the investors required rate of return. Comparing justified P/E to basic P/E is a common stock valuation method.
Why use the Price Earnings ratio?
Investors want to buy financially sound companies that offer cheap shares. Among the many ratios, the P/E is part of the research process for selecting stocks, because we can figure out whether we are paying a fair price. Similar companies within the same industry are grouped together for comparison, regardless of the varying stock prices. Moreover, it’s quick and easy to use when we’re trying to value a company using earnings. When a high or a low P/E is found, we can quickly assess what kind of stock or company we are dealing with.
High P/E
Companies with a high Price Earnings Ratio are often considered to be growth stocks. This indicates a positive future performance, and investors have higher expectations for future earnings growth and are willing to pay more for them. The downside to this is that growth stocks are often higher in volatility and this puts a lot of pressure on companies to do more to justify their higher valuation. For this reason, investing in growth stocks will more likely to be seen as risky investment. Stocks with high P/E ratios are also considered overvalued.
Low P/E
Companies with a low Price Earnings Ratio are often considered to be value stocks. It means they are undervalued because their stock price trade lower relative to its fundamentals. This mispricing will be a great bargain and will prompt investors to buy the stock before the market corrects it. And when it does, investors make a profit as a result of a higher stock price. Examples of low P/E stocks can be found in mature industries that pay a steady rate of dividends.
Example P/E Ratio
If Stock A is trading at $30 and Stock B at $20, Stock A is not necessarily more expensive. The P/E ratio can help us determine from a valuation perspective which of the two is cheaper.
If the sector’s average P/E is 15, Stock A has a P/E = 15 and Stock B has a P/E = 30, stock A is cheaper despite having a higher absolute price than Stock B, because you pay less for every $1 of current earnings. However, Stock B has a higher ratio than both its competitor and the sector. This might mean that investors will expect higher earnings growth in the future relative to the market. The P/E ratio is just one of the many valuation measures and financial analysis tools that we use to guide us in our investment decision, and it shouldn’t be the only one.
Justified P/E Ratio
The justified P/E ratio above is calculated independently of the standard P/E. In other words, the two ratios should produce two different results. If the P/E is lower than the justified P/E ratio, the company is undervalued and purchasing the stock will result in profits, if the alpha is closed.
Limitations of Price Earnings Ratio
Finding the true value of a stock cannot just be calculated using current year earnings. The value depends on all expected future cash flows and earnings of a company. Price Earnings Ratio is used as a good starting point. It means little just by itself, unless we have some understanding of the growth prospects in EPS and risk profile of the company. An investor must dig deeper in the company’s financials and use other valuation and financial analysis methods to get a better picture of a company’s value and performance
Additionally, the Price Earnings Ratio can produce wonky results as demonstrated below. Negative EPS resulting from a loss in earnings will produce a negative P/E. An exceedingly high P/E can be generated by a company with close to zero net income, resulting in a very low EPS in the decimals.
Additional Resources
CFI is the official global provider of the Financial Modeling Designation for financial analysts. To continue learning and advancing your career, these additional resources will be helpful: