Growth capex is a form of capital expenditure undertaken by a company to expand existing operations or further growth prospects. It focuses on activities such as the acquisition of fixed assets, purchase of hardware (e.g., computers), vehicles for transporting goods, and building expansion. Usually, transactions relating to growth capex are recorded on the balance sheet (PP&E) and the cash flow statement (investing activities).
Overview of Growth Capex
Capital expenditure, commonly known as capex, is an integral part of strategic decisions for organizations, because it helps foster growth, improve customer service, increase margin, and promote quality performance. Due to the large sums of money allocated to projects, it is critical for the investments to generate high returns. Two approaches are used to implement growth capex:
1. Acquisition of New Equipment and Automation
Every organization is looking for ways to increase efficiency, and automation provides a viable solution. Automation not only reduces operational costs but also helps in the realization of a company’s goals within a shorter period of time. The significant investment made in robots and other automation equipment can be justified by the increased processing output and reduced labor costs. However, companies should determine if the capital expenditure contributes to the company’s value before acquiring the equipment for automating the process. For example, they should assess if:
The automated equipment helps the company ship or take more orders or reduce the customer’s waiting time
The automation creates more WIP leading to new challenges downstream
The output or throughput will increase
2. Facility Expansion
Facility expansion requires similar considerations for the acquisition of new equipment – cost, risk, implementation time, and staff training, among other factors. Not all businesses need facility expansion if they can gain significant profits from existing facilities. Hence, the need to ask several questions:
Has the company made a critical analysis of the WIP, space demand for stored parts and material, as well as the aged inventory?
What has the company done to improve the efficiency of material and people flows using the current facility?
The answers to the questions above should help a company determine if it needs to expand or not. The rule of the thumb is to embark on a project that can generate immediate, tangible returns.
How to Calculate Growth Capex
Companies use the acquired assets to grow their businesses and generate more profit. The amount spent on such acquisitions is shown on the cash flow statement to show how much money the company is re-investing in the business. A growing capex between different accounting periods means the company is spending more cash on fixed assets. Here’s how to calculate it:
Find the company’s recent cash flow statement and that of the previous accounting period in its quarterly or annual reports.
Find the amount spent on capital expenditure on each cash flow statement. It is listed in the investing activities section. For example, the company may spend $200,000 in the most recent period and $150,000 in the previous period.
Subtract the two figures and divide the amount by the capital expenditure in the previous period to get a growth capex of 0.33%. It shows the company spent 33% more on fixed assets in the most recent period. A growing company normally grows its capital expenditure over time, but such growth should also be reflected in its profits and revenues. If the profit figures indicate a downward trend despite significant investments in fixed assets, the company may be using the money inefficiently.
Growth Capex vs. Maintenance Capex
Evaluating the nature of capital expenditure is imperative when preparing a discounted cash flow model and free cash flows. This is because a company’s revenue may grow significantly due to several reasons – improved utilization of existing capital, significant investment in fixed assets, or the company’s ability to maintain the existing capital.
Growth as a result of the acquisition of new equipment that helped the business to process additional orders from new customers is classified as growth capex. However, growth caused by proper maintenance of the existing machines, e.g., replacement of tires on a truck, is referred to as maintenance capex.
Companies rarely break down growth and maintenance expenditures in their annual and quarterly reports. As such, investors are compelled to use rough estimates when separating the two expenditures. Two methods are used to distinguish them. The first and simplest involves deducting the depreciation from the capital expenditure to get the growth capex. The depreciation acts as the maintenance capex.
However, the success of the formula relies on the accuracy of the depreciation amount. Thus, if the firm is overly confident about the economic life of the fixed assets or understates it in a bid to manage the earnings upwards, the growth capex may be overstated materially. Another method for calculating maintenance capex involves:
Calculating the ratio of the average PPE (use gross amount) to sales in the last seven years
Determine the sales of the current year.
Multiply the initial ratio (PPE/Sales ratio) by the growth in sales to get the growth capex.
Subtract the capex amount obtained from the cash flow statement from the growth capex calculated above to get the maintenance capex.
Wrap Up
Growth capital expenditures involve significant purchases that extend beyond the current accounting period. The costs are recovered after a long period through depreciation, hence the need for companies to budget for such purchases separately from operational budgets. They should also assess the need for implementing such capital budgeting decisions to avoid incurring losses in the future.
Related Readings
Thank you for reading CFI’s guide to growth capex. CFI is the official provider of the Financial Modeling and Valuation Analyst (FMVA)™ certification program, designed to transform anyone into a world-class financial analyst. To keep learning and developing your knowledge of financial analysis, we highly recommend the additional CFI resources below:
CFI is a global provider of financial modeling courses and of the FMVA Certification. CFI’s mission is to help all professionals improve their technical skills. If you are a student or looking for a career change, the CFI website has many free resources to help you jumpstart your Career in Finance. If you are seeking to improve your technical skills, check out some of our most popular courses. Below are some additional resources for you to further explore:
CFI is a global provider of financial modeling courses and of the FMVA Certification. CFI’s mission is to help all professionals improve their technical skills. If you are a student or looking for a career change, the CFI website has many free resources to help you jumpstart your Career in Finance. If you are seeking to improve your technical skills, check out some of our most popular courses. Below are some additional resources for you to further explore:
Below is a break down of subject weightings in the FMVA® financial analyst program. As you can see there is a heavy focus on financial modeling, finance, Excel, business valuation, budgeting/forecasting, PowerPoint presentations, accounting and business strategy.
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